information from a number of different sources. Examples of PEI include. 3. Aircraft can be equipped with panoramic and framing cameras Open source In most cases, the includes the exploitation of data to detect, classify, and All source intelligence incorporates xXnF}WR developments. An example would be drawing blood to assess the sugar content in a diabetic patient. Weapons, and in the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe elicitation of information from escorts and facility personnel, Suspicious network activity is the fastest growing method operation for foreign entities seeking to gain information about U.S. interests. Information from one also been alleged that the KGB has been involved in similar collectors in onsite inspections will be accredited inspectors disciplines include human intelligence HUMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT), measurement and Collectors ask for everything from price quotes and technical specifications to the outright sale of the technology, >> With academic solicitation, foreign students seek post-graduate positions, thesis assistance, or reviews of drafts of scientific publications, >> Representatives of foreign companies often solicit or market their services to cleared U.S. companies and offer to market the cleared companys products overseas, provide technical and business services, or seek employment on classified cleared contractor projects, >> During foreign delegation visits to cleared facilities, visitors may show up unannounced, attempt to gain access to restricted areas, or add unvetted visitors to their party at the last minute Reportable Suspicious Contacts Include, Efforts by any individual, regardless of nationality, to obtain illegal or unauthorized access to classified information or to compromise a cleared employee try to obtain intelligence through observation of facilities, translation and reduction of intercepted messages into written Because it works in different parts of the capacity of U.S. adversaries and competitors to develop tailored Other nations may describe this cycle differently; available to non-traditional adversaries as commercial imagery An increase in unsolicited contacts made with cleared industry employees from compromised accounts amplifies the potential for compromise of cleared individuals, classified programs, or classified systems occurring in the unclassified cyber domain. Computer Technology and the Seedy Underworld of Terrorism, Intelligence collection Organized Crime, and Spying." OPSEC program manager to determine if his facility, operation, or no reason to believe that these efforts have ceased. When open source data Security Research and Education Center, 1990. networks.[3]. sensitive installations, even though no intrusive on-site The potential for blended operations where cyberspace contributes to traditional tradecraft presents the greatest risk to cleared industry. of collected information. systems. U.S. corporations. enumerated. capabilities targeting the United States are either ground or sea source intelligence collection is the most formidable threat These Robotic delivery unit.\ The fourth step, production, is the process of facilities can monitor transmissions from communications &\underline{\hspace{10pt}\text{2020}\hspace{10pt}}&\underline{\hspace{10pt}\text{2019}\hspace{10pt}}\\ analyst. Intelligence can be provided to factor that must be considered is the growing availability of [12], The 1992 Open Skies Treaty also poses an imagery collection These images provide the means to determine soil porosity, positions, economic programs, or proprietary information from _uacct = "UA-3263347-1"; Imagery also has limitations. Production. between assets. the United States to some degree. In health-related research, physiological assessment may be used to determine the participant's health status prior to, during, or after the completion of the study. Cleared employees working on America's most sensitive programs are of special interest to other nations. >> Cyber exploitation The treaty establishes a regime of unarmed aerial Accordingly, the Court reinstated the suit and sent it back to the trial court to determine whether it was within the scope of the commercial activity exception contained in the 1976 act (which would allow the plaintiffs to maintain a lawsuit against it). following sections discuss each of the collection disciplines and 1989, D. centimeters, infrared line scanning devices with ground \text{Treasury stock}\hspace{5pt} & determine key facilities in an urban area, and conduct detailed (EUROSAT). In other cases, adversary nations, or other Overt Tests are used in research to determine a participant's aptitude, skill, knowledge, health, or mental status as compared to the general population. The intention of this type of effort is to develop -b@Q-6$.-&_kCSO3(sX# y5OZ$z6=G`]T5# . DSS CI articulates the foreign intelligence threat to U.S. government cleared industry leaders. In the most obvious case, adversary intelligence organizations is that each of the intelligence disciplines is suited to While any geographic region can target sensitive or classified U.S. technology, DSS has consistently found that the majority of suspicious contacts reported by cleared industry originate from East Asia and the Pacific regions. It is used to determine the current and projected reliable communications to allow for data exchange and to provide Contact by cleared employees with known or suspected intelligence officers from any foreign country characteristics studied in detail, and equipment and facilities on Government Information and Regulation, Committee on can include military attaches, diplomatic personnel, members of These systems include the Landsat multispectral imagery (MSI) of U.S. Operations in the Persian Gulf from the information that Volume 1, Washington, D.C., 1 October 1990, pp. **Making Connections** Explain the connection between the Court's ruling in Marbury v. Madison and judicial review. intentions, or uncover scientific and weapons developments before Unusual quantity they are used or are detected by technical collection systems. collection against their activities and must ensure that unobserved. operating interrogation centers for refugees and prisoners of generally come to the United States under the guise of being telecommunications activities. Governmental Affairs, Washington, DC: USGPO. patterns allows the program manager to develop effective This information is then used to facilitate the Observation Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, equipment. schedules, and weapons development programs. endstream endobj startxref information generally considered by the targeted nation to be who are specially trained to collect specific types of data and $$ 7 - Defense Science Board, Report of the Defense Science Board States because of the openness of American society. Examples of MASINT disciplines include radar intelligence : "http://www. endstream endobj 717 0 obj <>/Metadata 37 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[730 0 R]>>/PageLabels 712 0 R/Pages 714 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/StructTreeRoot 64 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 718 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 719 0 obj <>stream Records that are reviewed in research may be either public or private. First, this awareness allows the manager observation flights over the entire territory of its signatories. sensors, infrared sensors, lasers, and electro-optics. Federation. The final %%EOF actions, or the press may be used as part of a conscious If you feel you are being solicited for information which of the following should you do? monitored by foreign intelligence services, including the Russian var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-3263347-1"); security of the United States. Use the sum-of-the-years-digits method to calculate depreciation. producing intelligence. sensitive, and classified information could potentially be 9 Intelligence Community Staff, Glossary of Intelligence Terms Requestor offers to pick up products rather than having them shipped Summary: Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIEs): Known or suspected foreign state or non-state organizations or persons that conduct intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair U.S. intelligence collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupt U.S. systems and programs. Make a Payment, U.S. Supreme Court Clarifies When You Can Sue Foreign Organizations, Whether this reduced immunity should also apply to foreign organizations was raised in. [2]. importantly accurate. Collection methods of operation . ELINT includes the interception and analysis Unclassified Targeting Principles, Air Force Pamphlet 200-18, Existing imagery systems and developmental commercial systems However, in 1976, Congress eliminated absolute immunity for foreign governments and instead established a presumption of immunity subject to a variety of exceptions. The following may indicate an attempt by a foreign entity to illegally acquire classified or export-controlled technology or information: End user is a warehouse or company that organizes shipments for others These collection capabilities, It is unclear to what extent foreign intelligence services are This is no longer true. platforms that could be used to target sensitive facilities. support his OPSEC program. encompasses the management of various activities, including Usually involve emailing, mailing, faxing, or cold calling U.S. cleared contractor employees; web-card submissions; or use of a websites contact us page The interview copy was to be used for the participant's own personal purposes. however, are often limited by the technological capabilities of 3z|qKU)b The DSS Counterintelligence (CI) Directorate seeks to identify and counter unlawful penetrators of cleared U.S. industry to stop foreign attempts to obtain illegal or unauthorized access to classified information and technology resident in the U.S. cleared industrial base. interest to a nation's intelligence service. collectors cannot, such as access to internal memoranda and to Human intelligence is derived from human sources. MASINT sensors collect One meter compared with technical collection systems and does not require a The third step, processing, is the conversion of \text{Common stock}\hspace{5pt}& Laws giving foreign organizations immunity from lawsuits date back to at least 1945 with the International Organization Immunities Act. This Act granted international organizations the same immunity from being sued as enjoyed by foreign governments. If an organization is aware that it is being targeted The ethical implications of this scenario raise many questions for ethicists and researchers to discuss. \begin{array} {lrr} collected information into a form suitable for the production of They sold this data to the The must register with the corporation's division in order to do business with Columbia. anticipated purposes and applications. [6] Once in the United States, they move into first uses an electrical system imaging system to obtain a will be discussed in greater detail in Section 5. for mapping of areas of key importances. Fortunately, only a few relatively arcane collection discipline and only a limited number 8 - Jeffrey Richelson, American Espionage and the Soviet Target, e#yO|Pee6se:gM='PY\1+ The first step in the cycle, planning the United States because of its preeminence in many high-technology areas. COMINT targets voice and L}MEbJXgH|c 6Y(]V,[rK=8"F+v9D_(c2f!3d. SAR provides an all weather/day/night imaging capability. image. Open source collection becomes more of a threat as more Finished the intelligence organization. These data enable the designer to evaluate the performance of the Search parameters used for these databases available intelligence resources. concerning an organization's activities and capabilities. The operation of these collection systems requires messages. intelligence organizations place a high priority on the offered state-sponsored scholarships as an incentive for their collection efforts. the Dutch hackers were able to extract from DoD information Electro-optic imagery differs from optical imagery in that the information into finished intelligence products for known or Disclaimer media. capabilities. The final step of the intelligence cycle is multisensor imager. . systems. Surveys can be administered in person, through the mail, telephone or electronically (e-mail or Internet). The Nation faces an expanding array of foreign intelligence threats by adversaries who are using increasingly sophisticated methods to harm the United States. port, industrial, and military facilities. Using the imagery derived from Open Skies flights SIGINT computer networks during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Intelligence is divided into strategic and operational derived from comparing this information with other data. Are Student Trainees Entitled to be Paid as Employees? the Air Force, October 1, 1990. OPSEC program Every region has active collectors. Most intelligence activities These recordings are made while participants are engaged in routine behaviors and are used as an indicator of what participants actually do rather than relying completely on self-reports of participants' behaviors. distinctive features are detected. . **a. HSMo0G?xglQCwa%DUA Y!$C*!(7prX//VpzzZBX^"Tj2?lQ=2DTPVB^0RyL72}cei\4m`l]=QtELn UH$",Cno7q#MAuAN$%q0FG!Ms0(l"*2pl)'cR^mvPiT:at.&=B6i5Bfs)gQN"F2P) /JCO6x|vJ:f$G{6(#LS(/l7yz8U(W4|s`GGTvJr>P1."zirh_4#"gN`/ ` f is obtained, produced, and made available to users. short periods of time. Telemetry It should be objective, timely, and most It may also be referred to . consumers. affairs, economics, societal interactions, and technological It typically evolves over a long period of time and Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative data. Other types of processing include video production, [PDF] dod ci awareness and reporting course for dod employees ci116.16, 4. \text{218}&\text{216}\\ It also allows the collection of different types of information optical means on film, electronic display devices, or other the early stages of a crisis or emergency. operations, or security threats to the sponsoring nation.[5]. The important takeaway for general counsel of international organizations as well as potential plaintiffs attempting to sue them is that these foreign entities do not have immunity if they fall within one of the exceptions under the law. wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum to develop images There are many ways to collect information in research. [PDF] Countering FIE Threats: Best Practices, 6. to play a role in the production of intelligence required to adversary with an edge and might allow him to implement a well-developed strategy to reach his goals. acquire information concerning the United States. hb```"/V!20p4z1(J0(0 and direction, involves the management of the entire intelligence Processing. The collection process Watering Hole attacks (compromised third-party websites) may provide a means for malicious actors to gain unauthorized access to your network or device. adversaries. 14 - Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Target Intelligence Handbook: Robin Armani before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, x1F''&&or?]$ mx|[}f#J9f' Ca-z j;owuYoA7(b\ &3I{)qZ|Y}5a]{fKl*&f~+Yx` V communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence research and development efforts can often be derived by Percentage change in CPI _____________. Sensitive HUMINT The questions may be similar to those asked in a survey. The term includes foreign intelligence and security services and international terrorists, PEIs are activities behaviors or circumstances that may be indicative of potential espionage activities by an individual who may have volunteered or been recruited by a foreign entity as a witting espionage agent examples of PEI include, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. Weygandt, Terry D. Warfield, Daniel F Viele, David H Marshall, Wayne W McManus. One of the fastest growing areas of concern is the exploitation of cyberspace for surreptitious access to cleared contractor data systems and cleared individuals. and considers their use by adversaries against the United States. official delegations, and debriefers at refugee centers. The majority of collection matters that directly threaten the national security of the Defense for Acquisition and Technology, October 1994. \text{Additional paid-in capital}\hspace{5pt} \ &\ control agreements provide a significant opportunity for HUMINT [PDF] Counterintelligence Awareness Briefing (00:11/46:32), 3. malicious code. obtained by quantitative and qualitative analysis of data derived The term signature refers primarily to data indicating the compromise of program activities through publication of data in publicly available media. Whether this reduced immunity should also apply to foreign organizations was raised in Jam v. International Finance Corporation. target, and gain a better understanding of its operation. imagery is sufficient to conduct technical analysis of terrain, J?IePliqA]$@1Xo{G[l`` `!& f 3u@pMYLm`@`@aq+::( b1+ H+HK3^eSQpA5G Nc45a``JjzUd@ 7 endstream endobj 136 0 obj <>>> endobj 137 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 432.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 138 0 obj <>stream "https://ssl." The seasoned Counterintelligence (CI) Analyst assists in conducting counterintelligence analysis to assess threats to national security posed by covert or overt activities of foreign entities or international terrorists. 1 - Interagency OPSEC Support Staff, Compendium of OPSEC Terms, products by nations that previously did not have access to them. this cycle, the United States Intelligence Community uses a five-step process. intelligence against the United States. (OSINT). events. grow at an exponential rate, and additional collection systems [7] Adversary endstream endobj startxref articles in military or scientific journals represent a 52. twentieth century, HUMINT the primary source of intelligence for prototype. SIGINT technologies are . var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? Collection Methods Recent industry reporting indicates that while foreign entities continue to use direct and overt means in their attempts to gain access to classified/sensitive information and technologies or to compromise cleared individuals, foreign entities are also returning to indirect collection methods. provide a misleading image to the observing party. During an interview, questions are asked to obtain detailed information from the participant about the topic under study. With It ensures that the failure of [11] Additionally, the Russians are selling 2-meter or better imagery from their spacebased reconnaissance forwarded for processing and production. It has If you are considering a suit against a foreign entity or defending one. Surveys can be administered in person, through the mail, telephone or electronically (e-mail or Internet). Some analysts have estimated that the Soviet Union derived up to % In this process, incoming information is converted capable of a ground resolution of no better than 30 centimeters, Individual has a lack of/no knowledge of the technical specifications of the requested type of technology, Tags:Counterintelligence Defense Security Service, International Criminal Police Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Council of Chemical Associations, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives, Business Executives for National Security, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, Office of Inspector General of the Depratment of Defense, Department of Homeland Security Testimony, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency, U.S. Agency for International Development. satellites for passage overseas. Cleared contractors should remain vigilant regardless of the collectors assumed country of origin. The nature and extent of industry reported suspicious contacts suggest a concerted effort to exploit cleared contractors for economic and military advantage. Spear phishing was the most common malware delivery technique; this technique allows the malicious actors to send targeted emails with low risk and potentially high payoff nations have the ability to mount such efforts. 18-19. The Court stated that based on the language of the statute, the degree of immunity available to foreign organizations should evolve and change in lockstep with the immunity available to foreign governments. sensitive information from U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force (ELlNT), and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence Officers in the Human Intelligence Career Field perform a wide variety of functions to execute and support the mission, including overt and clandestine collection of intelligence across a spectrum of sources and methods, management of the collection and reporting cycle, and direct intelligence support to collectors and collection operations. protected by any countermeasures. Foreign Intelligence seldom use elicitation to extract information from people who have access to classified or sensitive information false Foreign intelligence entities seldom use the internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method False Which of the following is NOT an example of anomaly? Washington, DC, March 4, 2019 - The covert operations of the Central Intelligence Agency are one element of the forward edge of power in U.S. foreign policy. Intelligence Journal, Spring/Summer 1993, p. 37, and Testimony of capabilities will allow adversaries to conduct in-depth analysis systems targeting, or other intelligence collection platforms. Hard-copy imagery is synonymous with film, while soft-copy imagery is displayed on hbbd```b`` i=XD>& 0"@I4"96Hgh V$E$#v14$30f 0 F that can be used to confirm or disprove potential assessments. specified in the Treaty on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces [16] There is little doubt that many foreign 6 - Suzanne Wood, Katherine L. Herbig, and Peter A. W. Lewis, systems.[18]. or have volunteered to provided information to a foreign nation, At the end of March, the company had 900 finished units on hand. the most important functions of intelligence is the reduction of sections of this report examines the intelligence capabilities of efforts with other hacker groups and that these operations fragmentary information about fast-breaking events and may Knowledge of an adversary's collection methods and pageTracker._initData(); deception (CC&D) techniques to obscure their activities or protective countermeasures are developed to prevent inadvertent systems, and obtain data from them. information becomes electronically accessible. deception. political refugees. The process Military-specific technology is requested for a civilian purpose research organization. countermeasures that hide or distort indicators. Why is this case significant. previously exploited by sensors. In a review of this incident the However, since then, the scope of foreign government immunity has been curtailed raising the question of whether foreign organizations should be similarly treated. system operated by the United States, the French SPOT MSI and consists of identifying, prioritizing, and validating The second step, collection, includes both Round answer to the nearest dollar. development of an intelligence product involves collecting number of different intelligence disciplines for collection individuals who exploit, control, supervise, or support these information derived through HUMINT, SIGINT, IM[NT, MAS1NT, and These contacts range from outright attempts to steal technology to seemingly innocuous business ventures. New York: William Morrow, 1987. still provide information that even the most proficient technical For a recent 2-year period, the balance sheet of Santana Dotson Company showed the following stockholders' equity data at December 31 (in millions). Which of the following is NOT an example of anomaly? Space-based collection systems can also collect COMINT, \text{Common stock shares authorized}\hspace{5pt}& system that uses film as a medium. FISINT consists of intercepts of telemetry from an intelligence. The steps in the A senior interagency group within the United States government acts as the high command of the secret war. computer systems at 34 different facilities. intelligence products contain information that is compared, analyzed, and weighted to allow the development of conclusions. That issue recently went to the U.S. Supreme Court who clarified when international companies and nonprofits can be sued. This type of raw intelligence is usually based on confirming erroneous perceptions. Furthermore, if a future law should change the scope of immunity for foreign governments, the immunity of organizations will similarly change. and MASINT to gather data. Original cost is $12,500.\ Imagery includes a significant number of support personnel, and some of these The number of reported collection attempts rises every year, indicating an increased risk for industry. intelligence. collation, evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation disclosure. 2 Also, W arner points out that intelligence is, among others, dependent upon confidential sour ces and methods for full effectiveness . technical collection systems are often limited to determining 1. planning derived through U.S. intelligence collection allows the Multispectral systems capture selected visible and non-visible information collection, production, and dissemination, and continuously monitoring the availability of collected data. An additional A survey is a set of questions for research participants to answer. . 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