[193], A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on bluefin tuna funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Stanford University, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium and published in the journal Science, found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to cardiac arrest. For more information, visit the Gulf Spill Restoration website. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. [13] Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. [274][275] On 8 July, Florida Governor Charlie Crist called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.[276][277]. [59], It was estimated with plus-or-minus 10% uncertainty that 4.9Mbbl (780,000m3) of oil was released from the well; 4.1Mbbl (650,000m3) of oil went into the Gulf. [356][357] The second phase scheduled in September 2013 focused on the flow rate of the oil and the third phase scheduled in 2014 was to consider damages. Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals. Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and marshes. ", EPA slams Jindal's sand berm plan | wwltv.com New Orleans, "How can human hair mop up the oil spill? Those funds are credited towards the possible final $8.8 billion total. [59] As of January2011[update], tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. The study was published in the April 2016 Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly BP, but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton. [348], On 3 January 2013, the US Justice Department announced "Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the Clean Water Act and to pay a total of $1.4billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties". Testing over the past year (2019) reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.[186]. website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [166][167], Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill began on April 20, 2010, when an explosion damaged the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. The settlement ended all civil and criminal penalty claims against the owners and operators of the rig BP, Anadarko, TransOcean and Halliburton under the Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act. The explosion [59], On 25 July 2013, Halliburton pleaded guilty to destruction of critical evidence after the oil spill and said it would pay the maximum allowable fine of $200,000 and will be subject to three years of probation. When an attempt to employ a top kill, whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. [364][365][366] Three more BP employees were charged in November 2012. Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. [117][118][119], The Louisiana barrier island plan was developed to construct barrier islands to protect the coast of Louisiana. The Macondo well is found roughly 41mi (66km) off the Louisiana coast. [287][288] CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety. Omissions? BP said the report was inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill. [336][337] On 13 August, BP asked US District Judge Carl Barbier to approve the settlement, saying its actions "did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct". The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. [74] Pumping heavy drilling fluids into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ("top kill") also failed. Many organizations, businesses, and private citizens filed lawsuits for economic, health, and other damages over the spill, and the final $20.8 billion settlement does not cover those. ", "Limits on access to oiled waters, coast frustrates journalists", "It's BP's Oil': Running the Corporate Blockade at Louisiana's Crude-Covered Beaches, "BP's Photo Blockade of the Gulf Oil Spill: Photographers Say BP and Government Officials Are Preventing Them from Documenting the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster", "Dying, dead marine wildlife paint dark, morbid picture of Gulf Coast following oil spill". "Health of Exxon Valdez cleanup workers was never studied". The result could have long-term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for generations. "[318] BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management. [126] Over 400sorties were flown to release the product. Under this settlement, BP will pay the Trustees up to $8.8 billion for restoration to address natural resource injuries. Credits: U.S. Coast Guard Fish are intoxicated by the petroleum products and are unable to cope with the stress. "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. [156] In mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32machines that separate oil and water, with each machine capable of extracting up to 2,000bbl/d (320m3/d). [282], Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean. [173] Notwithstanding restrictions, there were 800 to 1,000flights per day during the operations. The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as, Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges, Detailed allocations and project information, North American Wetlands Conservation Fund. Government officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program. [42][43][44] The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated 4.9Mbbl (210million USgal; 780,000m3) with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,[3] including oil that was collected,[45] making it the world's largest accidental spill. As of January2013[update], 935personnel were still involved. A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims. It was largely settled when a Federal District judge approved the, That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the, The remaining 20 percent, or $1.33 billion, went to, The National Academy of Sciences received $500 million to create the, The National Fish and Wildlife Foundations received $2.544 billion for its, NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. [61] [326] The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." 1 of 60 Bioremediation on Deep Horizon Oil Spill Aug. 08, 2011 28 likes 7,460 views Technology Business kerin93 Follow Advertisement Recommended Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil Spills Asma Hossain 400 views 21 slides Details OF bioremediation and Oilzapper Technology Manish Dwivedi 3.1k views 61 slides Biodegradation of petroleum [340] BP says that it has $9.5billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the $37.2billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses. [240] She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long-term health consequences. [370][371], This article is about the oil spill itself. [203] Damage to the ocean floor especially endangered the Louisiana pancake batfish whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area. On 20th April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig lost control of a well as a cement plug installed to temporarily abandon the well hole failed. Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil riglocated in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisianaand its subsequent sinking on April 22. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling. Gerald Baron for Crisisblogger, 8 June 2012. In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes. oil rig explosion", "BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today", "Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo", "Search Ends for Missing Oil Rig Workers", "The 11 Workers Who Died During The Deepwater Horizon Explosion", "Rescued oil rig explosion workers arrive to meet families at Kenner hotel", "Coast Guard: Oil rig that exploded has sunk", "US military joins Gulf of Mexico oil spill effort", "White House Struggles as Criticism on Leak Mounts", "Scientists up estimate of leaking Gulf oil", "BP Seeks Gulf Oil Spill Size Ruling From Judge", "New Estimate Puts Gulf Oil Leak at 205 Million Gallons", "New BP Oil Spill Emails Suggest Cover-Up", "The Cover Up: E-mails Show BP Lied to Authorities on The Deepwater Horizon Spill", "Impacts, Perception, and Policy Implications of the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil and Gas Disaster", "Response To Oil on Gulf Island Beaches Continues", "BP has another setback as oil slick threatens Florida", "Admiral back on the Gulf Coast for spill", "Oil in Lake Pontchartrain stokes worries in New Orleans", "New wave of oil comes ashore west of Mississippi River", "Massive stretches of weathered oil spotted in Gulf of Mexico", "BP Oil Still Ashore One Year After End of Gulf Spill", Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing Developments, "Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A review", "Simulations of underwater plumes of dissolved oil in the Gulf of Mexico", "Nearly 3/4 of BP spill oil gone from Gulf", "Scientists call new gulf spill report 'ludicrous' Oneindia News", "Foul waters, hard lessons from BP oil spill", "Spilled BP oil lingers on Louisiana coast", "Dirty blizzard buried Deepwater Horizon oil", "40,000-Pound Tar Mat Reminds Us the Oil Spill is Not Over", "BP Pulls Out of Gulf Cleanup, Leaving Unanswered Questions Behind", "Robot subs trying to stop Gulf oil leak", "US oil spill 'threatens way of life', governor warns", "Engineers work to place siphon tube at oil spill site", "Update on Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Response May 24", "Gulf awaits word on latest bid to plug oil leak", "Oil stains beaches and tourists as slick spreads", "Hayward says spill 'never should have happened', "Robots begin work to remove cap from gushing well", "Relief wells and Subsea containment illustration", "Relief wells aim at pipe 18,000 feet deep", "BP's Deepwater Oil Spill Tests End and the Kill Begins, Well Reaches Static Condition", "BP begins pumping cement in next stage of 'static kill', "BP: Blowout preventer that failed to stop Gulf of Mexico oil leak removed from well", "Failed blowout preventer, a key piece of evidence in Gulf oil spill probe, secure on boat", "BP: Cement being pumped in to permanently seal the company's blown-out well in Gulf of Mexico", "Oil could spew until August, officials say", "No end in sight for oil in the Gulf of Mexico", "Oil in new Gulf slick matches that of 2010 spill", "Probe Deepens on New Oil Linked to BP Site", "Scientists: Oil fouling Gulf matches Deepwater Horizon well (photo gallery, video) | al.com", "Coast Guard, BP investigating reports of oil at Deepwater Horizon site", "Coast Guard says oil sheen 16 miles northeast of BP well too dispersed to be recovered", "Sheen at Deepwater Horizon disaster site is BP oil, Coast Guard says", "Coast Guard Says Sheen Near Macondo Matches 2010 BP Spill", "BP finishes latest search for Gulf oil leaks", "Oil may be seeping from Deepwater Horizon site", "Source of new oil sheen near Deepwater Horizon site has been plugged, BP says", "BP Macondo well, Deepwater Horizon wreckage videos released by Coast Guard", "Unknown substance leaking from Deepwater Horizon site", "Mystery 'oil sheen' grows near site of BP Gulf disaster, says researcher", "BP oil spill: US scientist retracts assurances over success of cleanup | Environment", "A Lot of Oil on the Loose, Not So Much to Be Found", "Tar Balls from BP Oil Spill Wash Up on Gulf Beaches", "Florida Keys environmentalists act to protect against BP oil spill summer 2010 | Global Nonviolent Action Database", Containment boom effort comes up short in BP oil spill, "BP oil spill Deepwater Horizon, BP (Business), Oil spills (Environment), Oil and gas companies (Business), Oil (environment), Oil (business), US news, Conservation (Environment), Pollution (Environment), World news, Environment, Business", BP spill response plans severely flawed | MNN Mother Nature Network, "Slosh and Berm: Building Sand Barriers off Louisiana's Coast to Hold Back Oil Spill Has Low Probability of Success", "Are the Sand Berms Really Stopping Oil? BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred after a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed to seal an oil well for later use. [281], Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BPs response. As many as 8.3 billion oysters were lost. [3], From April to mid-July 2010, 411controlled in-situ fires remediated approximately 265,000bbl (11.1million USgal; 42,100m3). [150] The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse. [85][86][87] On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2bbl (320L) per minute into the well-head. He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent." [185], The State of Louisiana was funded by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. May 4, 2010. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. [23][59] Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP. [257][258] BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties. Who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm. [325], The GCCF was administrated by attorney Kenneth Feinberg. argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Deepwater Horizon. BP will pay $4.5billion in fines and other payments, the largest of its kind in US history. News, "Slick Solution: How Microbes Will Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill", Riki Ott: Bio-Remediation or Bio-Hazard? Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number. [319][321] One was that it had not used a diagnostic tool to test the strength of the cement. [33][34] BP was the operator and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect with a 65% share, while 25% was owned by Anadarko Petroleum, and 10% by MOEX Offshore 2007, a unit of Mitsui.[35]. 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July 15, 2010. A bioremediation expert says extreme caution must be used in cleaning up the fragile Gulf Coast ecosystem in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. [10], In May 2010, BP admitted they had "discovered things that were broken in the sub-surface" during the "top kill" effort. A study based on samples taken at several beaches in the Gulf of Mexico before and after the BP oil spill showed a drastic change in the microbial community at the locations [5]. Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants. With the damaged riser shorn from the LMRPthe top segment of the BOPthe cap was lowered into place. Fortunately, unlike higher organisms that are adversely impacted by oil spills, microorganisms are able to . [53] In July, tarballs reached Grand Isle and the shores of Lake Pontchartrain. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." [369], None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives. [326][327] Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than $6.2billion was paid out from the fund. [314], On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. Degraded hydrocarbons mineralize to carbon dioxide, used in biomass or expelled as other hydrocarbon derivatives that are most likely used by other microbes. In a New York Times opinion piece, Stephen Teague, staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice, argued that BP had become "increasingly brazen" in "stonewalling payments." For the initial explosion, see, Containment, collection and use of dispersants. [116] The fires released small amounts of toxins, including cancer-causing dioxins. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000USgal (5,300,000l; 1,200,000impgal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil. The North American Wetlands Conservation Fund received $100 million from the court fines to support projects on wetlands restoration and conservation in the United States, Canada and Mexico. $1 billion already allocated during early restoration which began in 2011. [249], Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers. [45] According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. The trusteesGovernment officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: No End in Sight for Eco-Disaster. BioWorld Hydrocarbon Treatment was added to weathered oil from the Gulf. Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. It uses microorganisms or biological agents to treat oil spills, and soils contaminated 4. [52] On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"). An alternative technique that has longer-term remediating effect is the use of microbes in oil cleaning. Problems include the fact that microbes being introduced may require different conditions in order to grow, indigenous organisms out compete the new comers, and if growth is observed, it may not reach a high enough concentration to have an observable effect on the degradation of oil. [319][321] It criticized BP for its failure to run a cement bond log test. The funds will be used strictly for research activities, with results published in peer-reviewed scientific journals with no BP approval or review. Gas-station owners divided", "Despite BP oil spill, Louisiana still loves Big Oil", "FB10-055: BP Oil Spill: NOAA Modifies Commercial and Recreational Fishing Closure in the Oil-Affected Portions of the Gulf of Mexico", "Deepwater Horizon/BP Oil Spill: Size and Percent Coverage of Fishing Area Closures Due to BP Oil Spill". [202] According to J. Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the Deepwater Horizon spill. [36][37] Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,[283][284][285] reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%. Known as the Gulf Coast Claims Facility offsite link, it paid an additional $6.2 billion to more than 220,000 individual and business claimants. Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and Office of Natural Resources Revenue. [191] PAHs can harm marine species directly and microbes used to consume the oil can reduce marine oxygen levels. [319] Still another was for not plugging the pipe with cement. In total 2,063 various skimmers were used. The oil slick was comparable in size to naturally occurring oil seeps and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife. The goal of NRDA is to restore natural resources and compensate the public for lost recreational use., we evaluated the type and amount of restoration needed in order to return the Gulf to the condition it would have been in before the spill and to compensate the public for the natural resource services that were injured or lost. People living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits, as are those injured during clean-up. Limiting nutrients are usually nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate, and sometimes iron because when a large amount of hydrocarbon is present, microbes will degrade it by anabolizing it into biomass [10]. [214] The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) reports that sea turtles, mostly endangered Kemps ridley sea turtles, have been stranding at a high rate. This incident was caused by an explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit located in the Gulf of Mexico capable of drilling down to 9144 meters deep under water [11] . Observe fireboat responding to crews battling the fire during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, See how wire entanglement inside a well bore mitigates the effects of blowout preventer failure in an oil well. [116] Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil, allowing oil to escape above or below the boom, and for ineffectiveness in more than three- to four-foot (90120cm) waves. The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filed by individuals and businesses affected by the spill. Oil spill clean upusing oil bloom containments, skimmers, and separators were immediately deployed. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.. On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded off the Gulf Coast, killing 11 people and injuring 17. The deepwater oil plume was greater than 35 km in distance and 30% was still in the water column. [72][73] Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000lb) containment dome over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. [3] For offshore, more than 60open-water skimmers were deployed, including 12purpose-built vehicles. [113] In 2012, Markus Huettel, a benthic ecologist at Florida State University, maintained that while much of BP's oil was degraded or evaporated, at least 60% remains unaccounted for. Early response to the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion (USCG). [179] In another example, a CBS News crew was denied access to the oil-covered beaches of the spill area. [223] In 2013, former NASA physicist Bonny Schumaker noted a "dearth of marine life" in a radius 30 to 50mi (48 to 80km) around the well, after flying over the area numerous times since May 2010. The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. $7.1 billion for restoration stretching more than 15 years beginning in 2017. The effects of a small spill can take 15 . The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the "BP oil spill") was an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010 off of the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the . [79] On 3 June 2010, BP removed the damaged drilling riser from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300, at the discretion of the judge. Many died from ingesting oil or because it interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. [68], In 2013, more than 4,600,000lb (2,100t) of "oiled material" was removed from the Louisiana coast. The fines from the criminal cases administered by the National Academies of Science offsite link and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation offsite link are used for two programs: After the spill, state and federal agencies undertook an intense scientific study of the impacts of the spill. 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