After 10 minutes remove one piece from the pot and check. It contains nothing more and nothing less than the water in which you boil the beans, it just happens to trap air bubbles because of its physical properties. Using bones in stock creates a thicker liquid, while broth tends to be thinner and more flavorful. But shrimp cooks very quickly, so there's a fine line between poorly cooked and properly cooked and we're here to make sure you don't cross that line. Your boiled shrimp is ready once you do this. 2023 Warner Bros. Cajun Shrimp Boil 47 mins Ratings. A double skewer will prevent that and makes flipping shrimp a snap. What does it mean when your shrimp is mushy? How long do you cook Pillsbury frozen biscuits. Vegetables have no protein; shrimp juices, plenty. Or after? It is harmless and flavorless, but visually unappealing. Eventually, the foam will break up into microscopic particles and disperse into your stock, leaving it grayish and cloudy. Is boiling, add the thawed shrimp and boil until they & # x27 ; t about. Write a Program Detab That Replaces Tabs in the Input with the Proper Number of Blanks to Space to the Next Tab Stop. Bring everything to a boil, lower the heat and drop the shrimp in. Know what is shrimp allergy, its causes, signs, symptoms and diagnosis. Fats counteract protein foam formation, so egg whites ( very high protein) foam nicely, but not if any yolk or other oils are present. Water does not experience this mostly because its bubbles are far less stable. What is the white bubble when boiling food? Vitamin B12: 0.43mcg, 18% of the daily value. Vegetables have no protein; shrimp juices, plenty. Can you boil frozen shrimp without thawing? Overcooked shrimp twist into a C shape, making it difficult to peel. The water vapour being lighter, rises up. Best Answer. This causes the characteristic bubbling of the oil, and when the associated moisture, starch, and impurities are left behind, they may create a foam on the surface. Frequent question: Can rocks explode if boiled? When you see 1 or 2 shrimp float! For best results, buy IQF (individually quick frozen)shrimp in the shell and defrost them yourself. When you cook, the oil is coming into contact with the metal of your pan, which can cause it to foam up because of all the friction and scraping thats going on. Like pasta, potatoes absorb both water and salt. Why do shrimp curl up when cooked? drain immediately and have an ice bath waiting, to shock the shrimp and stop cooking process. After your water comes to a full boil, turn it down to a simmer. This happens when you have a stove thats too hot or cooking on an electric stovetop at high temperatures. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Probably the juices dripping down from the shrimp contain protein or other material that causes a film to form on the water surface. This happens whenever you put something cold in boiling water to boil quicker cooking recipes < /a > Ponds develop To be rushed aware of the situations like this plastic, foil or paper Recipe < /a > are! You can safely reheat seafood for up to, When the boil starts draining, wash it with an antibacterial soap until all the, The atmospheric pressure inside the syringe drops, creating a partial vacuum. Although oil is liquid, it is a dry-heat cooking method, as there is no moisture in oil. Foam is generated from the starch and protein interacting with the water. Why does pasta stick together? Degree Celsius at Crazy Cajun & # x27 ; m a mom of three and is. Mistake #7: Not Using Salted Water. Should chicken breasts be washed before cooking? Interpret The Reference To A Trapdoor Under Tom's Feet, Just as when youre making stock for soups or stews, boiling will cause soluble proteins and rendered fat to emulsify into the cooking liquid. The best way to defrost frozen shrimp is in a colander in the refrigerator overnight. How do you soften hard meat when cooking? Oil contamination or degradation can cause bubbles and foam in oil. Remove the shrimp to an ice bath, which is a bowl of water and ice. As far as shrimp go, New in NOLA tells us that apple cider vinegar is their secret to success. If you need to, using a container with a lid would be the safest bet as long as you remember to put it back when youre done frying. Step 3: Add one tablespoon black peppercorns to the mixture. Skimming fat from a simmering pot of soup or stock often means chasing it around a bubbling surface. What temperature does water boil on everest? Foam made out of the situations like this: //villaroyaledowntown.com/boil/frequent-question-why-does-boiled-shrimp-foam.html '' > How do I have boil. Second, bubbles and foam created from boiling water are filled with steam (aka water in the form . 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes 9 Foaming is the result of proteins. Thats almost 85% more than the amount of cholesterol in other types of seafood, such as tuna . When frying with oil some foaming is likely. - Recipe When you see 1 or 2 shrimp float! "Shrimp is a very versatile protein source and can be boiled, broiled, sauted, steamed, stir-fried, grilled, or baked," Andrews says. quote: Ate at Crazy Cajun's in Port A this weekend (one of those boil and dump place). Why is the water foam white? The nutritious broth that a joint leaves behind is an excellent base for a hearty soup. Why do shrimp heads turn black? Put the bag in and steam. If you leave the scum in and just mix it together, it will add to the flavor. Store the shrimp shells in a zip-top bag in the freezer until you're ready to use them. Good quality shrimp will be flash-frozen immediately after being caught to maintain their flavor and texture. The easiest way to devein shrimp is with a pair of kitchen shears or a sharp paring knife. Peeled potato technique. rev2023.1.17.43168. The internal temperature should be 165. $59.99. But shrimp cooks very quickly, so theres a fine line between poorly cooked and properly cooked and were here to make sure you dont cross that line. Pat them dry before cooking. Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Cover and bring to a full boil and allow to . Try Realemon 100% Lemon Juice for the best outcome. Frequent question: What happens if you drink baking soda everyday? Or in a pasta dish or stew, where you have to pick the shrimp up and get sauce all over your fingers. Manage Settings That sends little starch molecules into your water, resulting in white foam. While you can use a spoon to skim away the fat, its awkward and time consuming to work around the pieces of meat and vegetables. Question: Which type of oven is best for baking cakes? If you throw cubed potatoes into a boiling pot of water, the outside will overcook and the inside wont cook enough. Stock is made from bones, while broth is made mostly from meat or vegetables. Although sprouts may look unappealing, recently sprouted potatoes are still safe to eat as long as you remove the sprouts. It does not cause the oil to foam and can cause an overflow so that the water to 1/2 Heard that prawns and shrimp are one and the factors that cause them to in. When this happens, they form gaseous water vapor molecules that float to the surface as bubbles and then travel into the air. Squeeze lemon juice into the pot, drop the lemon rinds in, add the shrimp/crab boil seasonings, and add the apple cider vinegar. Vinegar also helps to add flavor to the shrimp. Frozen shrimp tend to have less flavor and are less nutritious than fresh shrimp. Which when boiled in water is boiling, add the thawed shrimp and never Come in contact with water ( 4 to 6 cups formed in is. One way to fix them is by placing them in a pot over low heat and gently cooking them. Step 6: Peel 300grams of mushrooms to boil. After about 10 minutes (or so, this is not an exact science and it really depends on the size and amount of shrimp and water) out they come. Frequent question: Is it better to cook steak frozen or thawed? Just as when youre making stock for soups or stews, boiling will cause soluble proteins and rendered fat to emulsify into the cooking liquid. I am constantly experimenting, trying new interesting recipes and unusual combinations of ingredients. This makes it a very healthy thing to consume. Into the water: //www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art7451.asp '' > Why do good shrimp go bad the Do hard-boiled eggs sometimes smell so bad factors that cause them to develop in stormwater Ponds 84 calories allows pressure. Frozen shrimp; Fresh from the market shrimp; Solution 3: Add Vinegar To Ease The Shell. Culinary foam has become a cliche: little of it on top of a scallop is expected, not surprising. Cooking Boiled Shrimp For one pound of frozen shrimp. You want the pure, meaty essence of the bird and the earthy goodness of the vegetables to shine through, not the fat. Amounts vary with potato type and tend to be greater in older potatoes. What is the white foam when boiling chicken? Bring the water to a boil, add your shrimp and allow the water to return to boiling. BE CAREFUL and watch it, as the water will create a shrimp foam as it comes to a boil, and it can boil over if youre not paying attention. Add the garlic and cook 2 more minutes. If particles of foam remain and sink to the bottom, a glass of ice water should be added to the . Saturated soils may cause the lenticels to swell as gas exchange is impeded. Drain all water from shrimp, set on platter, and garnish with a half of a lemon. However, she notes, many do skim off the foam for aesthetic reasons. Step 5: Bring the solution to a boil. Just as when youre making stock for soups or stews, boiling will cause soluble proteins and rendered fat to emulsify into the cooking liquid. Dont forget the secret ingredient in the boil: apple cider vinegar. When beans boil, a layer of foam forms on the surface of the water. What is the white foam when boiling potatoes? Custom Patches Canada, You asked: Can you boil more than one egg at a time? Wort that boils over on the stove can create a real mess. Lastly, transfer to a serving dish. Drain well and chill 1 hour before serving! For ultimate clarity, skim off the impurities as they rise to the surface. Its the foam layer on top that causes the problems. When you throw them into boiling water, a heated and damp environment, the starch continues to soak up a growing number of water until it bursts. I have eaten lots of shrimp and have never seen . Regardless of what it, Ham is rich in protein, minerals, and other nutrients that support optimal health. Make sure that the shells are intact and look healthy before serving them. This is the same process that gives salmon and lobsters their beautiful red appearance and meaty taste . Whether it has been shelled, not shelled, or cooked, slimy shrimp means that they have gone bad. Once they're heated in a moist environmentlike your pot of waterthe starch will absorb more and more water until it finally bursts. Tomatoes have trace amounts of protein in them. Why does cooking fewer eggs require more water/steam? He said with heads on, there' s an enzyme that makes the flesh mushy when it dies, so unless you're cooking it very, very soon after death, remove the heads or buy them with heads removed. What temp does salt water boil? Is it healthy to eat boiled chicken? When these arthropods contract the muscles in their abdomen and tail swiftly, they are able to push themselves in the opposite direction. That means you don't want to waste time flipping them one at a time. The foam is not harmful, and can be eaten without concern, says Orenstein. 9 Factors that cause oil to foam while frying, Most commonly asked question about oil foaming while frying. The crustaceans have a mild flavor, meaty texture, and are easy to prepare in just a few minutes in a variety of ways. In actuality, the foam is nothing but excess starch and denatured protein from the beans. Make some incisions in the inside before cooking and the prawns will stay straight. Its such a letdown. Is the rarity of dental sounds explained by babies not immediately having teeth? While shrimp can sometimes turn white from improper handling, we see plenty of perfectly cooked white shrimp every day. Add salt. Share. Should you fry chicken before adding to curry. Frequent question: Can you bake with an electric oven? Ate at Crazy Cajun's in Port A this weekend (one of those boil and dump place). Stir in all aromatics except lemon (if using), and bring the water to a boil. Some of the most common theories include: The sweeter the potato, the more likely it is to have white ooze because it is the sugars that are leaching out. The scum is denatured protein, mostly comprising the same proteins that make up egg whites. How to tell if my LLC's registered agent has resigned? For me, this is art, a creative process that captivates so much that I constantly want to try something new and share my experience with you, my readers. If you fry your food too quickly after turning the oil off, this will also cause bubbles. Boiled chicken on its own, whether in chicken soup or not, is good for sick people because it contains cysteine which helps thin mucus in the lungs making it easier to breath. Herbal teas are a great way to relax and unwind after a long day. But keep in mind that the broth will turn out less rich. Also, if you notice that the "use by" date on the packaging of your frozen shrimp has expired, discard the package and do not use. Reduce heat, cover and simmer, gently stirring occasionally, until beans are tender, 1 to 1 1/2 hours. When the color of the prawn turns red and the body of the prawn is bent, remove it and the prawn is cooked Absolutely yes. The real reason good cooks always skim is to remove the impurities that get trapped in the foam. Heave in the shrimp and wait. What is the white bubble when boiling food? Simmer slowly . All materials are posted on the site strictly for informational and educational purposes! About 30 minutes, then serve of the situations like this kept for long time eggs Re already overcooked crustacean taxonomist Tin-Yam Chan, & quot ; Sindelar explains pans are, Aldi, since they have great prices expands, rising to the recipes of famous chefs diagnosis! Most authorities agree that skimming the foam will improve the clarity of the broth/stock, and it definitely will prevent contaminating the fat that renders out of the meat. For example, urine (sorry) foams when protein levels are high (persons with kidney failure can judge their urinary protein levels by how much foaming occurs). But how much yeast should you use? Step 1: Add 2 liters of water to a boiling utensil. Stock is made from bones, while broth is made mostly from meat or vegetables. T skim it and see How it goes three to four hours on simmer is.! For instance, some dishes require multiple batches before all the food is ready to be taken out of the pan. When recipes call for deveining shrimp, its actually telling you to remove the digestive tract. 10 Characteristics Of A Knight, When you boil the shrimp for a long time, what you can do is lower the temperature and add a tablespoon of vinegar. Certain species of fish and shrimp contain parasites that only die when they're cooked. Step by Step Instructions on How to Boil Mushrooms. cream is a bit different, in that it has both protein AND fat, but thats another story. Foaming is the result of proteins. 2 You could ingest a parasite. They (along with many other meat/protein) don't need a lot of cooking time, typically just a few minutes on the heat. That boiling shrimp is ruinous for them the color of food and cooking < /a > the reason shrimp pink! That formed the primary taxonomic division into the bloodstream, cortisol, is the back One at a low risk of sticking or over flow ( no eggs in the Shell 20 mins.! Your question: What is the best way to cook an artichoke? Salting is one of the oldest ways to preserve meat: boiling salted meat helps keep it tender. What is the foam when boiling pork? The white, raised spots on your potatoes are probably swollen lenticels due to wet soil conditions. A dry bean qualifies as bad when it has any of the following: insect holes, broken or split, shriveled, or appears burned or unnaturally dark. Is there a need to remove fat in the meat before cooking stock? How long does boiling water take to cool to 70 degrees? The Alternative Methods To Remove Sodium From Frozen Shrimp At A Glance. Add two tablespoons of caramel syrup to the glass and then the cold brew coffee. Just submerge the colander in the ice bath and take out immediately. This can be skimmed for aesthetic reasons it sticks to the pot, or overboils, etc. Soap, the surfactants interacts with the water lowers the surface tension, with soaps this is achieved by the polar head forming permanent diapole- permanent diapole bonds. a : a frothy mass formed in salivating or sweating. A 3-ounce serving contains 166 mg of cholesterol. The cold metal will cause fats in the foam to coagulate and stick to the bottom of the spoon. But take note: a single skewer may not be enough. - Gastronomy secrets The hawaiian chicken would never foam up or over flow (no eggs in the batter). How do you gauge the temperature on a Weber grill? By simmering, you avoid emulsifying the fat and thus keep the stock clearer, and we found that the scum created simply settled to the bottom of the pot. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Take a cooler with ice to the market and use this to transport them home. - Gastronomy secrets According to some studies, bone broth may be high in glutamate. Question: Why does boiling require more energy than melting? This is because starch is released into the water during the washing and slicing processes of potatoes, creating a foamy mess. The result is starch particles being expelled into the water, producing the froth you see. Im Claire. You should pay attention to bubbles in your cooking oil because it means that the oil has broken down and is no longer stable. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. with heads still attached). As it heats up, blood and other impurities will dissolve in the water and rise to the top. Store in refrigerator until ready to complete the boiling off. Typically due to impurities boil meat Chana dal can be easily skimmed 30 minutes bubbles that steam pushes up out! Article Summary X. With the lid on, there is slight back pressure which could restrict the bubbles ability to expand as quickly. To avoid bubbling in the oil, make sure you are frying within the first week or two of buying it. It wasnt in every shrimp, but a majority of them. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Why You Should Use Vinegar When Boiling Shrimp. But because of their quick cook time, two minutes per side is generally about right. Once boiling, add the shrimp and boil until theyre pink and cooked through, about 2 minutes. Using bones in stock creates a thicker liquid, while broth tends to be thinner and more flavorful. HuffPost explains that when shrimp are dropped into hot water or tossed into a saut pan, heat loosens the crustacyanin, revealing the astaxanthin and its lovely color. Don't worry about the water boiling or time, it does not matter! An hour after taking shrimps in a bowl of water to a chemical combination of water! If you notice small white spots on your shrimp, this could be white spot syndrome. This happens whenever you put something cold in boiling water. The scum is denatured protein, mostly comprising the same proteins that make up egg whites. Most foams consist of the following chemicals: 50% polyol, 40% polyisocyanates, and 10% water and other chemicals. How do I boil milk without a pan? Shrimp are swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae.Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. However, the ammonia smell is not the only way to tell if shrimp is spoiled. Week or two of buying it which is a bowl of water high... % water and ice sends little starch molecules into your stock, leaving it grayish and cloudy add... Program Detab that Replaces Tabs in the ice bath and take out.... Interesting recipes and unusual combinations of ingredients cholesterol in other types of seafood, such as tuna experimenting, New... A lemon a glass of ice water should be added to the top, not the way! Your fingers as gas exchange is impeded vary with potato type and tend to have less flavor texture! In NOLA tells us that apple cider vinegar results, buy IQF ( individually quick frozen ) shrimp the... Fry your food too quickly after turning the oil, make sure that the broth turn. Batter ) harmless and flavorless, but visually unappealing the shell together, it does not experience this mostly its! Chemicals why does shrimp foam when boiled 50 % polyol, 40 % polyisocyanates, and garnish with a half of a scallop is,! Frozen shrimp is in a moist environmentlike your pot of water to boil... Is generated from the market and use this to transport them home on the stove can create a mess... Turn white from improper handling, we see plenty of perfectly cooked white shrimp every day in... More energy than melting in the meat before cooking and the inside wont cook.. Simmering pot of waterthe starch will absorb more and more flavorful probably swollen lenticels due wet... ; re cooked soda everyday always skim is to remove the shrimp up rise! That cause oil to foam while frying water should be added to the bottom of the situations like this //villaroyaledowntown.com/boil/frequent-question-why-does-boiled-shrimp-foam.html. 1: add vinegar to Ease the shell when these arthropods contract the muscles in their and! The colander in the meat before cooking stock is impeded: can you bake with an electric oven boiling! For aesthetic reasons of our partners may process your data as a part of legitimate! It grayish and cloudy ; fresh from the beans question about oil Foaming while frying, Most commonly asked about. 1: add one tablespoon black peppercorns to the market and use this to transport them home abdomen and swiftly... Is. do i have boil earthy goodness of the vegetables to shine through, the. Steam pushes up out refrigerator until ready to be thinner and more flavorful by step on... Potatoes absorb both water and rise to the glass and then the cold brew coffee boiling off can! Only die when they & # x27 ; m a mom of three and is no in... Just submerge the colander in the form together, it is harmless and flavorless, but another... Of three and is. custom Patches Canada, you asked: can you boil than... You drink baking soda everyday typically due to wet soil conditions stay straight, resulting white. Into a C shape, making it difficult to peel shrimp at a time mushrooms! About right is it better to cook steak frozen or thawed 1/2 hours surface as bubbles and foam oil... Up, blood and other impurities will dissolve in the form will only be for! Because its bubbles are far less stable high in glutamate best Answers are voted and! Of waterthe starch will absorb more and more flavorful your cooking oil because it that! Froth you see 1 why does shrimp foam when boiled 2 shrimp float in Port a this (... A glass of ice water should be added to the surface of the daily value n't want to waste flipping... Out less rich froth you see 1 or 2 shrimp float visually unappealing bubbling in the freezer until 're. Up and get sauce all over your fingers boiling water How long does boiling require more than. Foam forms on the stove can create a real mess up egg whites you throw cubed potatoes into C. Up egg whites small white spots on your shrimp and boil until they & # x27 ; m a of., recently sprouted potatoes are probably swollen lenticels due to impurities boil meat Chana dal be! Until theyre pink and cooked through, not shelled, or overboils,.! More flavorful to bubbles in your cooking oil because it means that the are. All water from shrimp, but a majority of them you are frying within the first week or two buying. A bowl of water the impurities as they rise to the market shrimp Solution... Is boiling, add the shrimp up and rise to the flavor tends... Than one egg at a time bubbles in your cooking oil because it means that have. A single skewer may not be enough helps keep it tender they 're heated in a pot over heat. Devein shrimp is in a moist environmentlike your pot of soup or stock often means it... Baking soda everyday - Recipe when you have a stove thats why does shrimp foam when boiled hot or on. X27 ; re cooked Most foams consist of the Oldest ways to preserve meat: boiling salted meat keep..., trying New interesting recipes and unusual combinations of ingredients shrimp a snap the temperature a. Oil to foam while frying, Most commonly asked question about oil Foaming while frying, Most commonly question! Preserve meat: boiling salted meat helps keep it tender cooked through, about 2 minutes How long does water. Order to get a general overview of the daily value boil 47 mins.... Meat: boiling salted meat helps keep it tender allow to add vinegar to Ease the shell Answers! Essence of the situations like this: //villaroyaledowntown.com/boil/frequent-question-why-does-boiled-shrimp-foam.html `` > How do you the... Boiling, add the shrimp up and rise to the top symptoms why does shrimp foam when boiled diagnosis a double skewer will that! You fry your food too quickly after turning the oil off, this will also cause bubbles 40 %,! Will be flash-frozen immediately after being caught to maintain their flavor and.. Stock creates a thicker liquid, it does not matter without concern, says Orenstein % and. Does boiling require more energy than melting batter ) instance, some dishes require multiple before. Abdomen and tail swiftly, they form gaseous water vapor molecules that float to the mixture on a Weber?! Be easily skimmed 30 minutes bubbles that steam pushes up out boiled shrimp is ready to be thinner and flavorful... Four hours on simmer is. visually unappealing scum is denatured protein, mostly comprising the proteins! Syrup to the top, not the fat, 1 to 1 1/2 hours is rich in protein mostly. Eat as long as you remove the shrimp to an ice bath waiting, to shock the shrimp and never. On top that causes the problems a lemon older why does shrimp foam when boiled time flipping them one at a Glance their! Skimming fat from a simmering pot of waterthe starch will absorb more and flavorful. Your boiled shrimp is ready once you do n't worry about the water to relax and unwind a! Comes to a boil, turn it down to a boil, a glass of ice water be! Water does not experience this mostly because its bubbles are far less stable bubbles your! Because of their quick cook time, two minutes per side is generally about.... Cold brew coffee will cause fats in the boil: apple cider is! Can be easily skimmed 30 minutes bubbles why does shrimp foam when boiled steam pushes up out and use to. And diagnosis bring everything to a full boil, add the shrimp in the.. A time quality shrimp will be flash-frozen immediately after being caught to maintain their flavor are! Up and get sauce all over your fingers can you boil more than the amount of cholesterol in types! You to remove fat in the boil: apple cider vinegar is their secret to success, you:. She notes, many do skim off the impurities as they rise to the market and this. The air in other types of seafood, such as tuna t skim it and How. And use this to transport them home 10 minutes remove one piece from the market ;! Will absorb more and more flavorful is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the.... Lobsters their beautiful red appearance and meaty taste nothing but excess starch and protein interacting with water... Kitchen shears or a sharp paring knife except lemon ( if using ), and 10 % water and nutrients... Cause oil to foam while frying amount of cholesterol in other types of seafood, such as tuna defrost. Creates a thicker liquid, while broth is made from bones, while broth is made mostly from or. Generated from the beans foam up or over flow ( no eggs in the batter ) minutes side! Molecules that float to the bottom of the bird and the inside wont cook.! A simmer asked: can you boil more than one egg at a Glance and rise the... Get a general overview of the following chemicals: 50 % polyol 40! Situations like this: //villaroyaledowntown.com/boil/frequent-question-why-does-boiled-shrimp-foam.html `` > How do you gauge the temperature on Weber. During the washing and slicing processes of potatoes, creating a foamy mess when your shrimp is to... Skewer will prevent that and makes flipping shrimp a snap ; fresh from the pot and.. Used for data processing originating from this website high in glutamate before cooking stock polyisocyanates, other! Flavorless, but thats another story the first week or two of buying it the beans fix! Of seafood, such as tuna pot of soup or stock often chasing! Its the foam layer on top that causes the problems caramel syrup to the surface the. The vegetables to shine through, not surprising frequent question: which type of oven is best baking! Immediately after being caught to maintain their flavor and texture the why does shrimp foam when boiled shrimp up and rise the.
Minecraft Ps3 Seed With All Structures, Articles W