View at Internet Archive. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. (2010). He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. Science, the endless frontier : a report to the President, Vannevar Bush Creator Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Summary This influential report described science as "a largely unexplored hinterland" that would provide the "essential key" to the economic prosperity of the post World War II years Language eng Work Publication We could not suggest to you a program which would syphon into science and technology a disproportionately large share of the nation's highest abilities, without doing harm to the nation, nor, indeed, without crippling science. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. "Eric D. Isaacs, president of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 41 William Street Several hundred articles have appeared in the professional journals; many are in process of publication. The search for better anti-malarials, which proceeded at a moderate tempo for many years, has been accelerated enormously by Government support during the war. Download Citation. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. 4 Citations. Budget. United States. There are talented individuals in every segment of the population, but with few exceptions those without the means of buying higher education go without it. Added to these are many maladies (for example, the common cold, arthritis, asthma and hay fever, peptic ulcer) which, through infrequently fatal, cause incalculable disability. It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. Like him, we need to be informed by history, not hamstrung by it. Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. . BERNHARD RUST (1883 - 1945) Nazi Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. The "spatial turn" in literary studies is transforming the way we think of the field. Background Citations. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. With mounting demands for scientists both for teaching and for research, we will enter the post-war period with a serious deficit in our trained scientific personnel. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. Citation []. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space maps the key areas of spatiality within literary studies, offering a comprehensive overview but also pointing towards new and exciting directions of study. The new eyes which radar supplied to our fighting forces quickly evoked the development of scientific countermeasures which could often blind them. Citations (33) References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content . We find that papers and patents are . Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE Further, it is clear that only the Government can undertake military research; for it must be carried on in secret, much of it has no commercial value, and it is expensive. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. 6. There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. The Members should elect their own chairman annually. The form of the organization suggested is the result of considerable deliberation. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. A new agency should be established, therefore, by the Congress for the purpose. Since research is unlike the procurement of standardized items, which are susceptible to competitive bidding on fixed specifications, the legislation creating the National Research Foundation should free the Foundation from the obligation to place its contracts for research through advertising for bids. The traditional sources of support for medical research, largely endowment income, foundation grants, and private donations, are diminishing, and there is no immediate prospect of a change in this trend. This welcome new edition combines Vannevar Bush's classic text with an urgent essay by Rush Holt on what the model can and cannot do for us in the twenty-first century. To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. New impetus must be given to research in our country. In the nineteenth century, Yankee mechanical ingenuity, building largely upon the basic discoveries of European scientists, could greatly advance the technical arts. Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS. The Armed Services should comb their records for men who, prior to or during the war, have given evidence of talent for science, and make prompt arrangements, consistent with current discharge plans, for ordering those who remain in uniform as soon as militarily possible to duty at institutions here and overseas where they can continue their scientific education. In the Government the arrangement whereby the numerous scientific agencies form parts of larger departments has both advantages and disadvantages. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. INTRODUCTION To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. In normal times, in view of the restrictive statutory prohibitions against dual interests on the part of Government officials, it would be virtually impossible to persuade persons having private employment of any kind to serve the Government in an official capacity. The study of the momentous questions presented in President Roosevelt's letter has been made by able committees working diligently. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. But basic research is essentially noncommercial in nature. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. Cookies on OCLC websites. The abuses should be corrected. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Basic research is performed without thought of practical ends. Finally, the normal vouchering requirements of the General Accounting Office with respect to detailed itemization or substantiation of vouchers submitted under cost contracts should be relaxed for research contractors. It results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws. These institutions are uniquely qualified by tradition and by their special characteristics to carry on basic research. How will we find ways to make better products at lower cost? The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. Notable advances have been made in the early diagnosis of cancer, and in the surgical and radiation treatment of the disease. BOOK. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. Use code FLASH at checkout. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. In addition a flow of scientific information constitutes one facet of general international accord which should be cultivated. United Kingdom 2A Jiangtai Road, Chaoyang District The Generation in Uniform Must Not Be Lost. During the past 25 years there has been a great increase in industrial research involving the application of scientific knowledge to a multitude of practical purposes - thus providing new products, new industries, new investment opportunities, and millions of jobs. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. Directions. 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